How can I tell, with something like objdump, if an object file has been built with -fPIC?

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The answer depends on the platform. On most platforms, if output from

readelf --relocs foo.o | egrep '(GOT|PLT|JU?MP_SLOT)'

is empty, then either foo.o was not compiled with -fPIC, or foo.o doesn’t contain any code where -fPIC matters.

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