how to initialize a constexpr reference

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  1. Are constexpr references ever useful? (i.e., “better” than const references)

They are guaranteed to be initiailized before the program starts, whereas a reference to const can be initialized during dynamic initialization, after the program starts running.

  1. If yes, how can I effectively define them?

A constexpr reference has to bind to a global, not a local variable (or more formally, it has to bind to something with static storage duration).

A reference is conceptually equivalent to taking the address of the variable, and the address of a local variable is not a constant (even in main which can only be called once and so its local variables are only initialized once).

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