How to make a border overlay child div?

You can consider the use of pseudo element to create the border and avoid extra markup. You can also easily control its position/size:

body {
  background: grey;
}

.button {
  background: #94c120;
  width: 200px;
  height: 50px;
  margin: 50px;
  position: relative;
}

.button:before {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  top: -15px;
  left: -15px;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  border: 5px solid #fff;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

<div class="button">
  some text
</div>

Here is also another idea using linear-gradient and multiple background:

body {
 background:grey;
}
.button {
  width: 200px;
  height: 80px;
  margin: 50px;
  padding:20px 0 0 20px;
  box-sizing:border-box;
  background: 
    linear-gradient(to right,#fff 5px,transparent 5px calc(100% - 5px),#fff calc(100% - 5px)) 0 0/ calc(100% - 10px) calc(100% - 10px),
    linear-gradient(to bottom,#fff 5px,transparent 5px calc(100% - 5px),#fff calc(100% - 5px)) 0 0/ calc(100% - 10px) calc(100% - 10px),
    linear-gradient(#94c120,#94c120) 15px 15px;
  background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

<div class="button">
  some text
</div>

Another syntax with gradient:

body {
 background:grey;
}
.button {
  width: 200px;
  height: 80px;
  margin: 50px;
  padding:20px 0 0 20px;
  box-sizing:border-box;
  background: 
    linear-gradient(#fff,#fff) left -10px top     0  /100% 5px,
    linear-gradient(#fff,#fff) top  -10px left    0  /5px 100%,
    linear-gradient(#fff,#fff) left -10px bottom 10px/100% 5px,
    linear-gradient(#fff,#fff) top  -10px right  10px/5px 100%,
    linear-gradient(#94c120,#94c120) 20px 20px; 
  background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

<div class="button">
  some text
</div>

Another idea using background and box-shadow:

body {
 background:grey;
}
.button {
  width: 200px;
  height: 80px;
  margin: 50px;
  padding:15px 0 0 15px;
  box-sizing:border-box;
  background: #94c120 content-box;
  border:5px solid #fff;
  box-shadow: 20px 20px 0px #94c120; /* value of padding + border*/
}

<div class="button">
  some text
</div>

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