Is a variable swap guaranteed to be atomic in python?

Let’s see:

>>> x = 1
>>> y = 2
>>> def swap_xy():
...   global x, y
...   (x, y) = (y, x)
... 
>>> dis.dis(swap_xy)
  3           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (y)
              3 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (x)
              6 ROT_TWO             
              7 STORE_GLOBAL             1 (x)
             10 STORE_GLOBAL             0 (y)
             13 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             16 RETURN_VALUE    

It doesn’t appear that they’re atomic: the values of x and y could be changed by another thread between the LOAD_GLOBAL bytecodes, before or after the ROT_TWO, and between the STORE_GLOBAL bytecodes.

If you want to swap two variables atomically, you’ll need a lock or a mutex.

For those desiring empirical proof:

>>> def swap_xy_repeatedly():
...   while 1:
...     swap_xy()
...     if x == y:
...       # If all swaps are atomic, there will never be a time when x == y.
...       # (of course, this depends on "if x == y" being atomic, which it isn't;
...       #  but if "if x == y" isn't atomic, what hope have we for the more complex
...       #  "x, y = y, x"?)
...       print 'non-atomic swap detected'
...       break
... 
>>> t1 = threading.Thread(target=swap_xy_repeatedly)
>>> t2 = threading.Thread(target=swap_xy_repeatedly)
>>> t1.start()
>>> t2.start()
>>> non-atomic swap detected