What does the equal (‘=’) symbol do when put after the method name in a method definition?

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That snippet defines a Virtual Attribute (or a “setter” method) so that “express_token” looks like an attribute, even though it’s just the name of the method. For example:

class Foo
  def foo=(x)
    puts "OK: x=#{x}"
  end
end
f = Foo.new
f.foo = 123 # => 123
# OK: x=123

Note that the object “f” has no attribute or instance variable named “foo” (nor does it need one), so the “foo=” method is just syntactic sugar for allowing a method call that looks like an assignment. Note also that such setter methods always return their argument, regardless of any return statement or final value.

If you’re defining a top-level setter method, for example, in “irb”, then the behavior may be a little confusing because of the implicit addition of methods to the Object class. For example:

def bar=(y)
  puts "OK: y=#{y}"
end
bar = 123 # => 123, sets the variable "bar".
bar # => 123
Object.new.bar = 123 # => 123, calls our method
# OK: y=123
Object.public_methods.grep /bar/ # => ["bar="]

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