Why can’t I capture this by-reference (‘&this’) in lambda?

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The reason [&this] doesn’t work is because it is a syntax error. Each comma-seperated parameter in the lambda-introducer is a capture:

capture:
    identifier
    & identifier
    this

You can see that &this isn’t allowed syntactically. The reason it isn’t allowed is because you would never want to capture this by reference, as it is a small const pointer. You would only ever want to pass it by value – so the language just doesn’t support capturing this by reference.

To capture this explicitly you can use [this] as the lambda-introducer.

The first capture can be a capture-default which is:

capture-default:
    &
    =

This means capture automatically whatever I use, by reference (&) or by value (=) respectively – however the treatment of this is special – in both cases it is captured by value for the reasons given previously (even with a default capture of &, which usually means capture by reference).

5.1.2.7/8:

For purposes of name lookup (3.4), determining the type and value of this (9.3.2) and transforming id-
expressions referring to non-static class members into class member access expressions using (*this) (9.3.1),
the compound-statement [OF THE LAMBDA] is considered in the context of the lambda-expression.

So the lambda acts as if it is part of the enclosing member function when using member names (like in your example the use of the name x), so it will generate “implicit usages” of this just like a member function does.

If a lambda-capture includes a capture-default that is &, the identifiers in the lambda-capture shall not be
preceded by &. If a lambda-capture includes a capture-default that is =, the lambda-capture shall not contain
this and each identifier it contains shall be preceded by &. An identifier or this shall not appear more than
once in a lambda-capture.

So you can use [this], [&], [=] or [&,this] as a lambda-introducer to capture the this pointer by value.

However [&this] and [=, this] are ill-formed. In the last case gcc forgivingly warns for [=,this] that explicit by-copy capture of ‘this’ redundant with by-copy capture default rather than errors.

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