Why don’t these animations work when I’m using a storyboard?

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As it turns out, you can’t use property path syntax in this case, because the properties being animated aren’t properties of a FrameworkElement. At least, that’s how I interpret the remarkably bewildering exception that I get when I make the change that Anvaka suggested:

Cannot automatically create animation clone for frozen property values on     
'System.Windows.Media.TranslateTransform' objects. Only FrameworkElement and 
FrameworkContentElement (or derived) types are supported.

To animate those, it seems, I have to use a NameScope and use SetTargetName to name the TransformElement. Then, as long as I pass the FrameworkElement that I set the name scope on to the Begin method, the storyboard can find the object and the properties and animate them and it all works. The end result looks like this:

public void BeginMove(Point translatePosition)
{
    NameScope.SetNameScope(this, new NameScope());

    RenderTransform = new TranslateTransform();
    RegisterName("TranslateTransform", RenderTransform);

    Duration d = new Duration(new TimeSpan(0, 0, 0, 0, 400));
    DoubleAnimation x = new DoubleAnimation(translatePosition.X, d);
    DoubleAnimation y = new DoubleAnimation(translatePosition.Y, d);

    Storyboard.SetTargetName(x, "TranslateTransform");
    Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(x, new PropertyPath(TranslateTransform.XProperty));

    Storyboard.SetTargetName(y, "TranslateTransform");
    Storyboard.SetTargetProperty(y, new PropertyPath(TranslateTransform.YProperty));

    Storyboard sb = new Storyboard();
    sb.Children.Add(x);
    sb.Children.Add(y);
    sb.Completed += sb_Completed;

    // you must pass this to the Begin method, otherwise the timeline won't be
    // able to find the named objects it's animating because it doesn't know
    // what name scope to look in

    sb.Begin(this);

}

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