Are floating point operations in C associative?

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The compiler is not allowed to perform “optimizations”, which would result in a different value computed, than the one computed according to abstract machine semantics.

5.1.2.3 Program execution

[#1] The semantic descriptions in this International
Standard describe the behavior of an abstract machine in
which issues of optimization are irrelevant.

[#3] In the abstract machine, all expressions are evaluated
as specified by the semantics.

[#13] EXAMPLE 5 Rearrangement for floating-point expressions
is often restricted because of limitations in precision as
well as range. The implementation cannot generally apply
the mathematical associative rules for addition or
multiplication, nor the distributive rule, because of
roundoff error, even in the absence of overflow and
underflow.

In your example:

(a + b) + c

or even without the parentheses:

a + b + c

we have

   +
  / \
  +  c
 / \
 a  b

and the compiler is required to generate code as if a is summed with b and the result is summed with c.

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