Data Binding in WPF User Controls

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if you look at your output window you should see the binding exception.

The problem you have is the following: within your usercontrol you will bind the label to the DP ProtocolNumber of your usercontrol and not the DataContext, so you have to add for example the element name to the binding.

<UserControl Name="MainOptionsPanel"
    x:Class="ExperienceMainControls.MainControls"
    xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
    xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
    x:Name="uc"
    >
<Label Height="Auto" Name="numberLabel">Protocol:</Label>
<Label Content="{Binding Path=ProtocolNumber, ElementName=uc}" Name="protocolNumberLabel"/>
(...)
</UserControl>

EDIT: to clear some things up, your usercontrol also works if you change the binding in your MainWindow. but you have to bind to the DataContext of the MainWindow with RelativeSource.

    <expControl:MainControls ProtocolNumber="{Binding Path=Number, RelativeSource={RelativeSource AncestorType={x:Type Window}}}" />

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