Borrowing from this answer which does all of the hard work of turning the JSON into key=value pairs, you could get these into the environment by looping over the jq
output and export
ing them:
for s in $(echo $values | jq -r "to_entries|map(\"\(.key)=\(.value|tostring)\")|.[]" ); do
export $s
done
If the variables being loaded contain embedded whitespace, this is also reasonable, if slightly more complex:
while read -rd $'' line
do
export "$line"
done < <(jq -r <<<"$values" \
'to_entries|map("\(.key)=\(.value)\u0000")[]')