How does this template magic determine array parameter size?

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N does not get “initialized” to anything. It is not a variable. It is not an object. N is a compile-time constant. N only exists during compilation. The value of N as well as the actual T is determined by the process called template argument deduction. Both T and N are deduced from the actual type of the argument you pass to your template function.

In the first call the argument type is int[6], so the compiler deduces that T == int and N == 6, generates a separate function for that and calls it. Let’s name it cal_size_int_6

void cal_size_int_6(int (&a)[6]) 
{ 
  std::cout << "size of array is: " << 6 << std::endl; 
}

Note that there’s no T and no N in this function anymore. Both were replaced by their actual deduced values at compile time.

In the first call the argument type is int[1], so the compiler deduces that T == int and N == 1, generates a separate function for that as well and calls it. Let’s name it cal_size_int_1

void cal_size_int_1(int (&a)[1]) 
{ 
  std::cout << "size of array is: " << 1 << std::endl; 
}

Same thing here.

Your main essentially translates into

int main() 
{ 
  int a[]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; 
  int b[]={1}; 

  cal_size_int_6(a); 
  cal_size_int_1(b); 
}

In other words, your cal_size template gives birth to two different functions (so called specializations of the original template), each with different values of N (and T) hardcoded into the body. That’s how templates work in C++.

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