The expression
name between 'A' and 'B'
is equivalent to
name>='A' and name<='B'
So ‘Argentina’ is >=’A’ and <=’B’ and it satisfies the condition. But ‘Bolivia’ is NOT <=’B’. ‘Bolivia’>’B’. It doesn’t just look at the first letter: it looks at the whole string. Which is surely the way it ought to be: if it didn’t do this, there’d be no way to say that you wanted a range that included ‘Smith’ but not ‘Smithers’.
To accomplish what you want, you could say:
substr(name,1,1) between 'A' and 'B'
or:
name like 'A%' or name like 'B%'
or:
name>='A' and name<'C'