What is the simplest way of implementing bigint in C?

If you’re looking for a simple library, libtommath (from libtomcrypt) is probably what you want.

If you’re looking to write a simple implementation yourself (either as a learning exercise or because you only need a very limited subset of bigint functionality and don’t want to tack on a dependency to a large library, namespace pollution, etc.), then I might suggest the following for your problem:

Since you can bound the size of the result based on n, simply pre-allocate an array of uint32_t of the required size to hold the result. I’m guessing you’ll want to print the result, so it makes sense to use a base that’s a power of 10 (i.e. base 1000000000) rather than a power of 2. That is to say, each element of your array is allowed to hold a value between 0 and 999999999.

To multiply this number by a (normal, non-big) integer n, do something like:

uint32_t carry=0;
for(i=0; i<len; i++) {
    uint64_t tmp = n*(uint64_t)big[i] + carry;
    big[i] = tmp % 1000000000;
    carry = tmp / 1000000000;
}
if (carry) big[len++] = carry;

If you know n will never be bigger than 100 (or some other small number) and want to avoid going into the 64-bit range (or if you’re on a 64-bit platform and want to use uint64_t for your bigint array), then make the base a smaller power of 10 so that the multiplication result will always fit in the type.

Now, printing the result is just something like:

printf("%lu", (long)big[len-1]);
for(i=len-1; i; i--) printf("%.9lu", (long)big[i-1]);
putchar('\n');

If you want to use a power of 2 as the base, rather than a power of 10, the multiplication becomes much faster:

uint32_t carry=0;
for(i=0; i<len; i++) {
    uint64_t tmp = n*(uint64_t)big[i] + carry;
    big[i] = tmp;
    carry = tmp >> 32;
}
if (carry) big[len++] = carry;

However, printing your result in decimal will not be so pleasant… 🙂 Of course if you want the result in hex, then it’s easy:

printf("%lx", (long)big[len-1]);
for(i=len-1; i; i--) printf("%.8lx", (long)big[i-1]);
putchar('\n');

Hope this helps! I’ll leave implementing other things (like addition, multiplication of 2 bigints, etc) as an exercise for you. Just think back to how you learned to do base-10 addition, multiplication, division, etc. in grade school and teach the computer how to do that (but in base-10^9 or base-2^32 instead) and you should have no problem.