Without media queries how to achieve 3 column desktop to 1 column mobile layout

^{Full article with more generic rules: https://css-tricks.com/responsive-layouts-fewer-media-queries/}

Here is an idea using max(0px, (400px - 100vw)*1000) inside flex-basis. This formula will eiter give 0px if 100vw (screen size) is bigger than 400px or a very big value in the opposite case giving each element a big flex-basis and create a wrapping. Simply adjust the 400px which play the role of @media (max-width:400px)

.container {
  display:flex;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
}

.container div {
  height:100px;
  border:2px solid;
  background:red;
  flex-basis:max(0px, (400px - 100vw)*1000);
  flex-grow:1;
}

<div class="container">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

Using CSS grid it can be like below:

.container {
  display:grid;
  grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(clamp(30%, (400px - 100vw)*1000, 100%),1fr));
  grid-gap:5px;
}

.container div {
  height:100px;
  border:2px solid;
  background:red;
}

<div class="container">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

A similar question where I am controling the maximum number of columns without media query: CSS grid – maximum number of columns without media queries

We can scale the above solution to consider more complex cases.

Example of moving from 6 to 3 to 1 column:

.container {
  display:grid;
  grid-template-columns:
    repeat(auto-fill,
      minmax(clamp(clamp(15%,(800px - 100vw)*1000, 30%), (400px - 100vw)*1000, 100%)
      /* if(screen> 800px) 15% elseif(screen> 400px) 30% else 100% */
      ,1fr));
  grid-gap:5px;
}

.container div {
  height:100px;
  border:2px solid;
  background:red;
}

<div class="container">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

To understand the values consider the following ranges:

100%/7  100%/6  100%/5  100%/4  100%/3  100%/2  100%/1
 14.3%  16.7%    20%     25%     33.3%   50%     100%

To get 6 columns we need a value in the range ]14.3% 16.7%] (I considered 15%)
To get 3 columns we need a value in the range ]25% 33.3%] (I considered 30%)

We simply avoid the edges to make sure we account for the gaps.

A more generic solution using CSS variables where I will add 0.1% to make sure the value is big enough to get the needed number of column and it can hold the gap.

Let’s also add some dynamic coloration (related: How to change the color of <div> Element depending on its height or width?)

.container {
  /* first breakpoint*/
  --w1:800px;
  --n1:6;
  /* second breakpoint*/
  --w2:400px;
  --n2:3;

  display:grid;
  grid-template-columns:
    repeat(auto-fill,
      minmax(clamp(clamp(100%/(var(--n1) + 1) + 0.1%, (var(--w1) - 100vw)*1000,
                         100%/(var(--n2) + 1) + 0.1%), (var(--w2) - 100vw)*1000,
                         100%), 1fr));
  grid-gap:5px;
  margin:10px 0;
}

.container div {
  height:100px;
  border:2px solid;
  background:
    linear-gradient(blue  0 0) 0 /1% calc(var(--w2) - 100vw),
    linear-gradient(green 0 0) 0 /1% calc(var(--w1) - 100vw),
    red;
}

<div class="container">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

<div class="container" style="--w1:900px;--n1:8;--w2:500px;--n2:4;grid-gap:10px;">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

<div class="container" style="--w1:600px;--n1:4;--n2:2;grid-gap:2vw;">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

Using flexbox where we can have a different (probably wanted) behavior where the last item of a row will take all the free space:

.container {
  /* first breakpoint*/
  --w1:800px;
  --n1:6;
  /* second breakpoint*/
  --w2:400px;
  --n2:3;

  display:flex;
  flex-wrap:wrap;
  margin:10px 0;
}

.container div {
  height:100px;
  border:2px solid;
  margin:5px;
  flex-basis:clamp(clamp(100%/(var(--n1) + 1) + 0.1% ,(var(--w1) - 100vw)*1000, 
                         100%/(var(--n2) + 1) + 0.1%),(var(--w2) - 100vw)*1000, 
                         100%);
  flex-grow:1;
  box-sizing:border-box;
  background:
    linear-gradient(blue  0 0) 0 /1% calc(var(--w2) - 100vw),
    linear-gradient(green 0 0) 0 /1% calc(var(--w1) - 100vw),
    red;
}

<div class="container">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

<div class="container" style="--w1:900px;--n1:8;--w2:500px;--n2:4;">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

<div class="container" style="--w1:600px;--n1:4;--n2:2;">
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
  <div></div>
</div>

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