Can PTEST be used to test if two registers are both zero or some other condition?

No, unless I’m missing something clever, ptest with two unknown registers is generally not useful for checking some property about both of them. (Other than obvious stuff you’d already want a bitwise-AND for, like intersection between two bitmaps).

To test two registers for both being all-zero, OR them together and PTEST that against itself.

ptest xmm0, xmm1 produces two results:

ZF = is xmm0 & xmm1 all-zero?
CF = is (~xmm0) & xmm1 all-zero?

If the second vector is all-zero, the flags don’t depend at all on the bits in the first vector.

It may be useful to think of the “is-all-zero” checks as a NOT(bitwise horizontal-OR()) of the AND and ANDNOT results. But probably not, because that’s too many steps for my brain to think through easily. That sequence of vertical-AND and then horizontal-OR does maybe make it easier to understand why PTEST doesn’t tell you much about a combination of two unknown registers, just like the integer TEST instruction.

Here’s a truth table for a 2-bit ptest a,mask. Hopefully this helps in thinking about mixes of zeros and ones with 128b inputs.

Note that CF(a,mask) == ZF(~a,mask).

a    mask     ZF    CF
00   00       1     1
01   00       1     1
10   00       1     1
11   00       1     1

00   01       1     0
01   01       0     1
10   01       1     0
11   01       0     1

00   10       1     0
01   10       1     0
10   10       0     1
11   10       0     1

00   11       1     0
01   11       0     0
10   11       0     0
11   11       0     1

Intel’s intrinsics guide lists 2 interesting intrinsics for it. Note the naming of the args: a and mask are a clue that they tell you about the parts of a selected by a known AND-mask.

_mm_test_mix_ones_zeros (__m128i a, __m128i mask): returns (ZF == 0 && CF == 0)
_mm_test_all_zeros (__m128i a, __m128i mask): returns ZF

There’s also the more simply-named versions:

int _mm_testc_si128 (__m128i a, __m128i b): returns CF
int _mm_testnzc_si128 (__m128i a, __m128i b): returns (ZF == 0 && CF == 0)
int _mm_testz_si128 (__m128i a, __m128i b): returns ZF

There are AVX2 __m256i versions of those intrinsics, but the guide only lists the all_zeros and mix_ones_zeros alternate-name versions for __m128i operands.

If you want to test some other condition from C or C++, you should use testc and testz with the same operands, and hope that your compiler realizes that it only needs to do one PTEST, and hopefully even use a single JCC, SETCC, or CMOVCC to implement your logic. (I’d recommend checking the asm, at least for the compiler you care about most.)

Note that _mm_testz_si128(v, set1(0xff)) is always the same as _mm_testz_si128(v,v), because that’s how AND works. But that’s not true for the CF result.

You can check for a vector being all-ones using

bool is_all_ones = _mm_testc_si128(v, _mm_set1_epi8(0xff));

This is probably no faster, but smaller code-size, than a PCMPEQB against a vector of all-ones, then the usual movemask + cmp. It doesn’t avoid the need for a vector constant.

PTEST does have the advantage that it doesn’t destroy either input operand, even without AVX.

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