Will exit() or an exception prevent an end-of-scope destructor from being called?

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If you call exit, the destructor will not be called.

From the C++ standard (ยง3.6.1/4):

Calling the function

void exit(int);

declared in <cstdlib> (18.3) terminates the program without leaving the current block and hence without destroying any objects with automatic storage duration (12.4). If exit is called to end a program during the destruction of an object with static storage duration, the program has undefined behavior.

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